Ion mobility independent large signal switching of perovskite devices

The presence of mobile ions in perovskites is well known to influence the device electrostatics leading a wide variety anomalous characteristics related hysteresis, efficiency degradation, low frequency capacitance, large signal switching, etc. Accordingly, ion mobility understood have critical on associated time constants/delays. Quite contrary this broadly accepted thought, here we suggest that delays with switching could show universal behavior dictated by electronic dipoles, rather than ionic dipoles. Due resultant sudden and dramatic collapse contact layer depletion region, are independent mobilities. Furthermore, our detailed numerical simulations, supported experimental results, indicate terminal currents near steady state ahead relaxation distributions. These results interesting implications toward understanding optimization perovskite based devices, including solar cells, LEDs, resistive memories, ferroelectric memories.